Ayn Rands Approach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ayn Rands Approach - Essay Example In the first case the argument was presented that there exist some privileged starting points for knowledge which effectively translates to arguments being meaningless if they are not connected along the 'correct lines.' Moreover in regards to confusing meanings with reference this means that all concepts that are formed uniquely would be ruled out. Finally confusing universals with concepts this is simply an error that makes for a difficult argumentation. Having highlighted all of these weaknesses it is important to highlight some strengths. It was argued by Firehammer (2005) that Ayn Rand ultimately admired the strong and frowned upon weakness. In regards to the character development in her writings (And ultimately her outlook as a person) many her type characters were portrayed as being physically strong and of strong moral character. What this could translate to is an argument that it is the purpose of art to not only highlight what the world is but what is could be. In essence p eople should moralistically strive for better which is a wise philosophical outlook. In essence, Atlas sort of represent the societal members that make life worth living.

Workshop report- the policy process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Workshop report- the policy process - Essay Example During the workshop, all participants would bring their own experiences and would learn wider experiences and lessons from others. The workshop objectives were outlined: Dr. Werner presented an article about systematic competitiveness done by the scientists of a German Development Institute explaining that industrial competitiveness does not result from a stable macro-economic framework or of entrepreneurship in the micro-level. It is rather the dynamic interaction between state, enterprises and intermediate institutions and the capacity of the society to organise itself. Our nation if it wants to develop competitiveness in this way has to adopt new policies that will reduce costs and increase revenues. It was clearly shown that the macro level has to secure stable conditions which guarantee the functioning of the market. This is to be done through prioritising the budget and fiscal policy in maintaining a stable monetary value and a governable budget deficit in the country. However, it was shown that the developing countries have been unable to hit this measure. The trade policy under this macro level was said to have promoted active integration either by general or selective liberalization of imports. The ability of our markets to avoid exchange rates with an anti-export bias was viewed as the tool that facilitated the creation of macro-level conditions thereby increasing industrial exports. Under the micro-level it was founded that the enterprises must manage their technology and organisational structures and innovations. Continuous products and process innovation was said to be as a result of efficient management technology. However, we were taken through a study of the Japan industry which had been done by one of the researchers present had proved the opposite. A new concept was therefore developed which provided that industrial production shall be streamlined in a three-propositional

Basic Needs Shanks Old Boss Failed to Meet Essay Example for Free

Basic Needs Shanks Old Boss Failed to Meet Essay According to Maslows hierarchy, which basic needs did Shanks old boss fail to meet? Explain why the needs have not been met. What could be done to meet these missing needs? The basic needs which Shanks old boss failed to meet are as follows: The need for self-actualization the desire to become more and more what one is and to become everything that one is capable of becoming. People who have everything can maximize their potential. They can seek knowledge, peace, esthetic experiences, self-fulfillment, oneness with God, etc. Emily Griffin from Flight 001 stated the ollowing: So its not that its better than nothing, but they do still recognize the contribution, even if Im not quite getting it right. This negative statement tells me that the self-actualization is a missing component within this company. She is completing a project Just to get it accepted and not maximizing her potential and her highest level of functioning. Emily should be able to move through the needs to the highest level provided they are given an education that promotes growth. Use the Expectancy Theory and/or the Equity Theory of motivation to explain how feeling nderpaid might affect the work of a Flight 001 associate and what a manager can do to increase the employees motivation. A Flight 001 associate that feels underpaid may form perceptions of what constitutes a fair ratio (a balance or trade) of inputs and outputs by comparing our own situation with other referents (reference points or examples) in the market place as we see it. In practice this helps to explain why people are so strongly affected by the situations (and views and gossip) of colleagues, friends, partners etc. in establishing their own personal sense of fairness or equity in their work situations. People need to feel that there is a fair balance between inputs and outputs. Crucially fairness is measured by comparing ones own balance or ratio between inputs and outputs, with the ratio enjoyed or endured by relevant (referent) others. If there is not a fair balance employees feel demotivated. Generally the extent of demotivation is proportional to the perceived disparity with other people or inequity, but for some people Just the smallest indication of negative isparity between their situation and other peoples is enough to cause massive disappointment and a feeling of considerable injustice, resulting in demotivation, or worse, open hostility. Some people reduce effort and application and become inwardly disgruntled, or outwardly difficult, recalcitrant or even disruptive. Other people seek to improve the outputs by making claims or demands for more reward, or seeking an alternative Job. A Manager can increase employee motivation with financial rewards pay, salary, expenses, perks, benefits, pension arrangements, onus and commission plus intangibles recognition, reputation, praise and thanks, interest, responsibility, stimulus, travel, training, development, sense of achievement and advancement, promotion, etc. Managers need to understand the Equity Theory and especially its pivotal comparative aspect to be able to appreciate and improve one persons terms and conditions to resolve that individuals demands. Equity Theory reminds us that people see themselves and crucially the way they are treated so they must be managed and treated accordingly. Based on Herzberg does Two Factor Theory, what hygiene factors can you identify that are being met within Flight 001 s work environment based on comments made by employees in the video? How are they being met? Is Flight 001 s work environment meeting any motivation factors? If so, which ones and how? The hygiene factor that are being met within Flight 001 s work environment are as follows: Working conditions, Company Policies and Interpersonal relations. Flight 001 has great working conditions for their employees and they pay attention to detail as far as letting their employees know that they are ot Just a number but as important as the any other employee where they are at a higher level of management and this also creates interpersonal relations between all employees and making them feel as adequate as the next. Due to the new baggage policy and charges customers want to bring more carryon luggage on the plane. The employees were informed and trained on how to react to this new policy in a positive manor to satisfy the customer. References http://stewardess. inhatc. ac. kr/philoint/general-data/maslows-hierarchy-of- needs-I . htm http://www. businessballs. com/adamsequitytheory. htm

The Sickness Unto Death According to Kierkegaard Essay -- existencialis

1. Kierkegaard believes that truth is only a subjective process. Truth only exists from the subjective existing of the individual and cannot be found in a complete system. Objective truth to Kierkegaard is a simply an idea created by the illusion of subjective existence that one can have complete and true objective knowledge of something that exists out in the world. This is evident when he states, â€Å"In the objective sense, thought is understood as being a pure thought; this corresponds in an equally abstract-objective sense to its object, which object is therefore the thought itself, and truth becomes correspondence of thought with itself. This objective thought has no relation to the existing subject† (31). When Kierkegaard states that â€Å"truth is subjectivity† and the â€Å"truth of subjectivity is faith† he is arguing that since there can never be objective truth, all one can do is turn inward and focus on existential being. Once one turns their focus inward they can they find the real truth of their existence, and that existence is the action relational happening of relating of oneself to oneself, and to God. 2. The knight of infinite resignation to Kierkegaard is one who has realized the loss of all meaning in life. They have accepted the world as something that is beyond their objective understanding and have infinitely resigned themselves of any search for meaning and have achieved a sort of peace which can only come from the loss of all hope for escape. Kierkegaard argues that road to the knight of faith only goes through the knight of infinite resignation. Only by infinitely resigning oneself to the loss of all meaning can one take the next action of taking the leap of faith. The knight of faith takes focuses internally on... ...le are given the freedom to find meaning, and in freedom there is great despair and suffering as people search for existential meaning. In the story the Grand Inquisitor is angry at Jesus for his choice to grant freedom and despair to everyone and argues that his new church is more godlike because he is taking away freedoms. By doing so he will make them slaves, but grant them peace, and in so doing give them meaning so they will not live in the despair of knowing freedom. The claim that, â€Å"man does not live by bread alone†¦ but only the one who works gets it [bread]†, would synthesize the idea that people cannot find existential-meaning through the fulfillment of only temporal desires. However, if one works at continually making the leap of faith and understands the proper mode of be-ing, one will find the metaphoric/spiritual bread which satisfies their despair.

The Fourth Plinth of Trafalgar Square

The Fourth Plinth of Trafalgar Square is very different from the other three – instead of carrying a grey statue it always surprises one's eye with a contemporary sculptural piece, which is changed every two years. But the question is – does the contemporary art sculptures fit into the classical space of Trafalgar Square? The Fourth Plinth of Trafalgar Square, built in the north-west corner, was designed by Sir Charles Barry in 1841. It was intended, that it would hold an equestrian statue of William IV, however due to insufficient funds the statue was never completed.The plinth stayed empty until 1858, when a statue of Edward Jenner was unveiled. Still, it was removed four years later due protests by anti-vaccinationists. After that, it was unused for more than a century, and became In 1999, when the Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (RSA) launched the Fourth Plinth Project, three contemporary sculptures by Mark Wallinger (Ecce Homo (1999) – a life-sized figure of a man, wearing a loin cloth and a crown of barbed wire, with his hands tied behind his back, referring to Jesus Christ), Bill Woodrow (Regardless the History 2000) – a bronze sculpture showing the head of a man crushed over a book, both bound to the Plinth by the roots of a dead tree) and Rachel Whiteread (Untitled Monument (2001) – a transparent resin cast of the actual Plinth, standing upside-down on the original) have been commissioned to be displayed temporarily on the Plinth. Regarding the enormous public attention, the Mayor of London began the Fourth Plinth Commissioning Group (a commission of specialist advisers appointed to guide the commissions for the Plinth) and since then the Plinth has been used as a location for exhibiting specially commissioned works by contemporary artists.After standing empty again for a few years, the Plinth was again open for exhibit in 2005, when a controversial statue Alison Lapper Pregnant by Marc Quinn unveiled. This has caused many discussions, since some were questioning on the shock value of disability, as well as lauded for its progressive social values. Also, the statue reactivated the discussions about the purpose of contemporary art in this antique location. In 2007 Marc Quinn's work was replaced by Thomas Schutte's Model for a Hotel 2007 – a model of a twenty-one storey hotel from red, yellow and blue coloured glass.It brought a feel of After two years, the colourful, static sculpture was replaced by presumably most interesting and negotiable project on the Fourth Plinth – Antony Gormley's One & Other, turning the plinth into a â€Å"living monument†. This involved 2400 people, picked from the public after applying on the project's website, standing on a plinth for one hour – 24 hours a day for 100 days without a break. Selected people were allowed to use the Plinth any way they want, do anything they want, including dancing, music , performing, reading poetry, or even just doing nothing at all, making a raw epresentation of both, individuality and the whole of humanity at the same time. The performances were broadcast live over the internet 24 hours a day. The project also caused a lot of discussions, since many people did not consider this as an appropriate act of art for the Trafalgar Square, rather as an act of snobbery. The current sculpture on the Fourth Plinth is Yinka Shonbare's Nelson's Ship in a Bottle. It was unveiled on 24th of May, 2010. This work of a Anglo-Nigerian artist is a replica of Nelson's ship, the Victory, inside a large glass bottle stopped with a cork.The artwork marks the preserved importance of historical symbolism of Trafalgar Square. It is a reminder of the Battle of Trafalgar and is directly related to Nelson – this is one of the reasons which excludes the piece from the others exhibited on the Fourth Plinth. Soon, the turn for a new art piece will come, so at the moment s ix more commissions for the Plinth are being considered. All six of them were exhibited in St-Martin-in-the-Field gallery near the Trafalgar Square until the end of October. The first one is Battenberg by Brian Griffith. The Pink and yellow decorated cake was nvented especially for Queen Victoria's granddaughter – Princess Victoria of Hesse – to Prince Louis of Battenberg wedding anniversary in 1884.The sculpture made of handmade bricks is reminiscent of this little piece of history. Sikandar by Hew Locke echoes the British Army General, Sir George White, a monument standing in Portland Place. â€Å"Sikandar† translates as Alexander in Urdu. A hybrid between the name of a famous ancient conqueror and the image of the British Army General, modernized, studded with medals, jewellery, chains, materials, according to the creator, symbolizes the hero ant the eroic concept of the evolution of today's world. It's never too late and you can't go back – this it th e name of the third piece by Mariele Neudecker, depicting mountains. From ancient times mountains symbolize monumentality, strength, eternity and glory. Looking from below the sculpture, the mountain line forms a map of Britain, so it perception of the work may easily switch from dimensional landscape to territorial The blue Hahn / Cock by a German artist Katharina Fritsch symbolizes the awakening, strength and renovation. This sculpture would easily catch one's eye between the grey statues of theTrafalgar Square – the surrealism of its huge size and ultramarine colouring is inevitable. Allora and Calzadilla's work Untitled (ATM/Organ) is actually a combination between an automated teller machine (ATM), installed in the Plinth, connected to a pipe organ on top of it. It will produce sound by driving pressurised air through pipes selected while pressing the ATM machine keyboard. The last sculpture is Powerless Structures, by the authors Elmgreen & Dragset.Gold coloured boy roc king on a particular childhood symbol – a rocking horse – might symbolize the value of rowth and maturity, at the same time showing a future hero, â€Å"the heroism of growing up†. So for now the dilemma is – the blue rooster, an equestrian decorated with medals, sequins and chains, a sound-producing ATM organ, a golden boy, rocking on a toy horse, a brick cake or a floating mountain-scape – which of these works will be the next one in queue for the Fourth Plinth? Finally, seeing these new brave, exceptional and innovative proposals it is very likely that these six candidates will cause as much arguments as all of the other of their predecessors. It is still ften discussed if the Fourth Plinth is an appropriate location for contemporary art pieces, but since the plinth itself has a meaning of a base for a sculpture that is excluded from the surrounding and defines it as art, once again it leads to the eternal questioning of what is art itself, or i f we should interpretate this enviroment as a for one-art-kind-only space, but residents and guests of London seem to enjoy the Fourth Plinth a lot more than all the grey.Fourth Plinth http://www. london. gov. uk/fourthplinth/ Antony Gormley's Fourth Plinth, Trafalgar Square – Telegraph http:// ww. telegraph. co. uk/culture/4838343/Antony-Gormleys-Fourth-Plinth-Trafalgar- Trafalgar Square – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/ Trafalgar_Square#Fourth_plinth Archinect : Discussion Forum : Culture : The Fourth Plinth (Stop Frame Animation) Day 1 http://www. archinect. com/forum/threads. php? id=90208_0_42_100_C157 Alison Lapper – The Student Room http://www. thestudentroom. co. uk/ showthread. php? p=2723396;highlight=fourth%20plinth BBC News – Trafalgar Square fourth plinth candidates unveiled http://www. bbc. co. uk/ news/uk-england-london-11022665

Effects Of Divorce On The United States - 1272 Words

The Effects of Divorce on Children Divorce is comparable to an epidemic since it has been filtering through many societies at an increasingly alarming rate. According to the most current statistic, there are more than 2.1 million marriages in the United States (â€Å"Children of Divorced Parents†). Out of those, almost half end in divorce. Divorce nowadays is extremely common. In fact, in America there is one divorce every thirty-six seconds (National Marriage and Divorce Rate Trends†). Each year over a million American children suffer from the divorce of their parents (Amato 24-26). Even though it might be shown to benefit some individuals in their own personal case, for the majority it causes a decrease in an individual’s life and puts many people â€Å"on a downward trajectory from which they might never fully recover† (Amato). Over long term, the United States divorce rate has been on a rise since 1980, which means more children being affected (Macionis). These children that are affected are faced by emotions of anger, confusion and even fear. These emotions affect their academic performance, social interactions, behavior, self-esteem and other negative effects. This literature review is important in calling attention on the current research studying impacts of divorce on children. The topic of divorce is a wide-ranging topic. However, this particular literature review focuses only on the effects that divorce has on children. The data presented in this paper is collected fromShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Divorce On The United States Essay2663 Words   |  11 PagesFamilies of Divorce Many families in the United States have or know someone who has been through a divorce. The reason for this is because divorce has almost become a normal occurrence in our society. According to the textbook Marriages and Families, Diversity and Change Seventh Edition â€Å"1 million married couples in the United States divorce each year.† (M. Schwartz, B. Scott, 2012, p. 390) In early America divorce was almost non-existent, that is not the case in our recent day and age. UnfortunatelyRead MoreEffects Of Divorce On The United States1041 Words   |  5 PagesThe topic of divorce, for many decades, has been a topic that fell into the domain of taboo. In more recent years, society within the united states has brought the topic into the limelight by desensitizing the term. Thus, the divorce rates in the US have went up. However, a divorce has both positive and negative implications. Also, there have been backlashes against divorce, but there has also been a positive feedback syst em employed to aid in the process that surround divorce. The partitioning betweenRead MoreThe Effects Of Gray Divorce On The United States1001 Words   |  5 Pages The United States rates higher divorce than other countries, moreover there is a growing trend of gray divorce in the United States. Gray divorce is a term used for the divorces of ages fifty years and older. The consequences can be on a different scale than that of being many. years younger. Much of the time, for the women it involves hardships on many fronts. This is especially true for the gray divorced women, who are suffering more economically in our society today (Science Dailey,2015). MostRead MoreDivorce Law And Its Effect On The United States2969 Words   |  12 Pagesinstitution for life’, however the statistics show that there is an increasing trend in the divorce law. There has been a long history of reforming the law to its current stage. Until 1857 the only way of obtaining a divorce was through an Act of Parliament, however due to its expense, it was reserved for the wealthiest. The Matrimonial Cause Act 1857 for the first time created a possibility to divorce on the ground of adultery, which was gender-biased because wife had to prove aggravating circumstancesRead MoreEssay on The Negative Effects of Divorce Rates in United States1240 Words   |  5 Pagespeople to divorce and this result affects the children. ​In the U.S., is it common that we see many married people end their relationship with a divorce and most of them are young people. The divorce rates still at a high rate that in the Unites States statistics show, one out of two marriages end in divorce. The current divorce rate may be decreasing however at the same time many people are not getting married so therefore the divorce rates remains low. When people get married and divorce so easilyRead MoreThe Effects Of Divorce On Our Society1034 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States is a country that takes pride in the fact that no matter what religion, race or sex you are you can join together in the unity of marriage. Many people dream of growing up and marrying the love of their life and having a family, but they do not take into consideration there are 2.3 million marriages a year, with over 1.2 million divorces (â€Å"The Impact of Divorce on Our Society†). Divorce is not limited to breaking apart the husband and wife; it destroys families, siblings and theRead MoreDivorce Rate Of The United States1021 Words   |  5 PagesDivorce Rate As human civilization advances, the more tolerant society has become to behaviors that used to be regarded as appalling and immoral. One of these behaviors is becoming divorced. According to a recent guidebook for couples who are in the midst of a divorce or considering divorce, 70% of Americans believe that divorce is a morally acceptable choice (Hawkins, 2009). This new understanding of divorce has played a significant role in the choice that many Americans have made to separate fromRead MoreAdults and Divorce Essay1163 Words   |  5 Pagesmarriage by filing for divorce in the judicial courts. It is shocking to learn that out of a population of 1,000 people, there are 6.4 marriages and 3.4 divorces, which means that 50% of marriages in the United States of America result into a divorce (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010). There are various causes that make the spouses take the ultimate decision of ending their matrimonial vows through legal divorce. The rate of di vorce also differs from one state to another and also variesRead MoreEssay about The Effects of Divorce in American Culture1719 Words   |  7 PagesThe effects of divorce on the American culture are immense. Social scientists have been studying these effects for many years now. The studies are continuing to confirm that the climbing rate of divorce in the American culture is hurting the society and also frequently devastating the lives of many American children. More often than not people decide to get a divorce before they really think about the effects of divorce. People usually decide to get a divorce based on emotion rather than logic whichRead MoreCognitive Effects Of Parental Divorce On Children And Young Adults1722 Words   |  7 Pages Cognitive Effects of Parental Divorce on Children and Young Adults Catherine B Ricketts Southern Union State Community College â€Æ' Abstract Many countries have conducted research studies concerning how separation and divorce affects children and young adults in cognitive development. It is mutually agreed that over all, children and young adults are recommended to have both parents present while raising the younger generation. This reinforces certain rules and regulations to stay with the child

Nietzsche, Reinforced, And Challenged By Nietzsche

Yo, I hope you are ready to learn some really cool shizniz about how we understand other shizniz by interpreting that shizniz. Over this past term, I have learned how individuals form an interpretation. Although learning about how to interpret an interpretation was an interesting experience, it also was pretty confusing; therefore, I am going to discuss what I have learned in a way that I hope will be fun to read and easy to understand. In this, you will read about concepts introduced by Nietzsche, reinforced by Gadamer, and challenged by Schott. In each of their articles highlighted key points of how to best understand a concept called â€Å"the hermeneutical claim to universality†, which can be defined as a notion of first having an interpretation of what one wishes to understand. Basically, this means if we want to understand anything we are trying to find an interpretation. Nietzsche discusses how all individuals make errors-- not grammatical errors like what is presented in this essay-- but errors in truth. Specifically, Nietzsche states that all truths are errors. The concept of all truths being errors can be better understood by recognizing the reasonable assumption that individuals are different and thus will believe different things. However, how can all beliefs be fully true if one s beliefs contradict another individual s beliefs? Nietzsche explains that an â€Å"objective truth† does not exist for the reason that individuals have different believes of what is true. AShow MoreRelatedHamlet Essay Holly Silm1491 Words   |  6 PagesState of Denmark’. His words introduce the extended metaphor of Denmark as a symbolic rotting garden fraught with ‘weeds’, ominously alluding to the moral and political fraudulence now existing because of Claudius’ unlawful and unjust rule. This is reinforced when Hamlet first confronts the ghost of King Hamlet – he insists that ‘the whole ear of Denmark is by a forged process of my death/rankly abused’. The use of pun accentuates that Claudius’ treason as murder has disrupted the natural order, by pouringRead MorePlayboy : The Cultural Impact Of Playboy1430 Words   |  6 Pagesman who’s masculinity couldn’t be challenged, but who was willing to explore a world of night-life, exotic travel, fashion and gourmet food; an individual that could be described as worldly. Risquà © cartoons and pin-ups (preludes to Playboy’s centerfolds) rounded out the new consumerist masculinity of Esquire. The post-World War Two resurgence in the American economy was driven by families in new suburbs. This renewed focus on domesticity and family life reinforced the traditional gender roles of breadwinnerRead MoreThe Fundamental Principles That Confirm The Importance Of Frankl s Existential Theory And Logotherapy4000 Words   |  16 Pagesprosperously. However, because there were so many who did not survive the ordeal, Frankl began to search for the answer as to why he survived while others perished. Eventually Frankl would embrace the philosophy of German philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche, who suggested that, â€Å"He who has a â€Å"why† to live for can bear with almost any â€Å"how†. (Boeree, George) Frankl definitely had a â€Å"why† to live. While imprisoned at the Auschwitz Concentration Camp, when he was in the most degradable situation thatRead MoreFrom Salvation to Self-Realization18515 Words   |  75 Pagesideologues. A dialectic developed between Americans new emotional needs and advertisers, strategies; each continually reshaped and intensified the other. Sometimes deliberately, sometimes unwittingly, advertisers and therapists responded to and reinforced the spreading culture of consumption. Their motives and intentions were various, but the overall effect of their efforts was to create a new and secular basis for capitalist cultural hegemony. 7I use the term hegemony reluctantly but unavoidablyRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pages †¢ For centuries, book was the only tangible repository of knowledge in our world †¢ Epitome of the writing system, evolved from prehistoric scratches in sand or painting on walls, more advanced than cumbersome clay and stone tablets †¢ Challenged by Internet on the same two fronts on which it proved its mastery over other forms of recording and disseminating information: capacity and accessibility †¢ Fabled Library of Alexandria contained hundreds of thousands of books, Internet has billionsRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesSenior, who was our original commissioning editor, and to Matthew Walker, who took over that role. We also would wish to thank David Cox and Stuart Hay, who have been our development editors. Their contribution to the pedagogic shaping of the text challenged many of our initial assumptions about the nature of a ‘textbook’ on organization theory and have enabled us to produce what we hope is an accessible text that preserves intellectual integrity. We also owe a debt of gratitude to our academic reviewersRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesgoes beyond nice perks. Even in the economic downturn, SAS has refused to lay off employees and has even expanded its benefits. â€Å"In a tough economy, SAS did n ot waiver from our commitment to our employees and the innovative culture that keeps them challenged and provides work–life balance,† said Jenn Mann, Vice President of Human Resources at SAS. â€Å"SAS’s continued success proves our core belief: Happy, healthy employees are more productive.† Says one SAS employee: â€Å"People stay at SAS in large part because