Nietzsche, Reinforced, And Challenged By Nietzsche

Yo, I hope you are ready to learn some really cool shizniz about how we understand other shizniz by interpreting that shizniz. Over this past term, I have learned how individuals form an interpretation. Although learning about how to interpret an interpretation was an interesting experience, it also was pretty confusing; therefore, I am going to discuss what I have learned in a way that I hope will be fun to read and easy to understand. In this, you will read about concepts introduced by Nietzsche, reinforced by Gadamer, and challenged by Schott. In each of their articles highlighted key points of how to best understand a concept called â€Å"the hermeneutical claim to universality†, which can be defined as a notion of first having an interpretation of what one wishes to understand. Basically, this means if we want to understand anything we are trying to find an interpretation. Nietzsche discusses how all individuals make errors-- not grammatical errors like what is presented in this essay-- but errors in truth. Specifically, Nietzsche states that all truths are errors. The concept of all truths being errors can be better understood by recognizing the reasonable assumption that individuals are different and thus will believe different things. However, how can all beliefs be fully true if one s beliefs contradict another individual s beliefs? Nietzsche explains that an â€Å"objective truth† does not exist for the reason that individuals have different believes of what is true. AShow MoreRelatedHamlet Essay Holly Silm1491 Words   |  6 PagesState of Denmark’. His words introduce the extended metaphor of Denmark as a symbolic rotting garden fraught with ‘weeds’, ominously alluding to the moral and political fraudulence now existing because of Claudius’ unlawful and unjust rule. 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The Nuclear Arms Of The United States And The Soviet Union

In order to maintain peace and stability in the world, there must be a balance of power between countries. The Nuclear Arms Race was started because there wasn t a balance of power after World War II. The U.S. was the only country at that time which possessed nuclear weapons. Russia, fearing a United States domination of world power, developed a nuclear bomb of its own. Thus started the Arms Race, in which both countries attempted to gain the upper hand in terms of the number of nuclear warheads each possessed. However, the Arms Race ended when several treaties in arms reduction were passed. I believe that in the end, the United States and the Soviet Union realized that one country would eventually win, and the balance of power would†¦show more content†¦Typically, in popular depictions of arms races, the political calculations that start and regulate the pace of the game remain obscure. As Charles H. Fairbanks, Jr., has noted, â€Å"The strange result is that the activity of the other side, and not one’s own resources, plans, and motives, becomes the determinant of one’s behavior.† And what constitutes the â€Å"finish line† of the game is the province of assertion, rather than analysis. Many onlookers, and some participants, have claimed that the likelihood of war increases as the accumulation of arms proceeds apace. A close examination of the historical evidence reveals a different picture. Political purposes almost always drive and govern arms races. It is common for a major race to be initiated by a state interested in changing the political status quo. In some cases, the response of states content with the status quo is swift and resolute, but in other cases it is constrained by domestic political or economic considerations or diverted by diplomatic calculations. The course of an arms race has frequently exacerbated a sense of rivalry and occasionally even determined the timing of a war; but most often it has ended in a political settlement between rivals or in a decision by one side to moderate its buildup. The first competitive buildup in which contemporaries used the arms race metaphor seems to have been the naval rivalry in the late nineteenth century, in which France and Russia challenged Britain in the context ofShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War And Soviet Union840 Words   |  4 Pagesit caused in the United States and the West. Others believe the primary responsibility for the cold war derives from the hardline policies of the United States. (Viewpoints Article: the Soviet Union Start the Cold War) I believe The Cold War was triggered by the theory of two superpower countries in a race for dominance in the world of nuclear arms. 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Asymmetrical Dialectics of Sustainable Tourism

Question: Discuss about the Asymmetrical Dialectics of Sustainable Tourism. Answer: Introduction In the task, I intend to consider my role as the central organizer of Clipper Bay. As the main organizer, my goal is to create economy economically. I expect to consider socio-social and natural calculates building up the economy of the town. In the task, the accentuation ought to be put on the tourism business and the long haul supportability. In the meantime, I need to concentrate on the CBA or ROI investigations that bolster monetary renewal of the Clipper Bay town. The task bears a reasonable reference to Butler's hypothesis of tourism manageability. It shows a successful perception of the tourism business and its unified parts. Clipper Bay is a little settlement that is situated on the pinnacle of a promontory. It contains 5000 tenants roughly. Being a separate locale, the town is apparently cut off from the urban advancement. The economy of the town is depended on marine improvement. It incorporates abundant trail of angling and cultivating organizations. The town is based on a sloping scene and gives a dream of delightful shorelines. Attributable to the unfertile territory, the agribusiness is not noteworthy. The town witnesses the coming of various eras that partake in angling and other associated exercises. In the meantime, the town watches a celebration that flags the start of the angling season. Formation of a Business Plan for Clipper Bay In the segment, I need to portray the approach that decides the compelling approaches to resuscitate the economy of the town. The economy of Clipper Bay is basically relied on upon pisciulture or fish cultivating. The locale is arranged along the shore of the ocean and keeps up a sea climate. It is imperative to offer needs to the angling society and the oceanic life advancement. As the main organizer of Clipper Bay, I aim to develop the economy of the town. Thus, it is prudent to hit an arrangement with the essential business heads of fluctuated associations. With a specific end goal to revive the economy, it is helpful to counsel the business people or significant gatherings. In an aggressive world, one must keep the standards and directions of the venture explore. It is basic to lead an exhaustive research on the business strategies. With fast monetary headway, the worldwide consulting industry has been seeing significant corrections. The economy saw an emotional emergency in 2009 . Subsequently, the worldwide consulting industry exhausted by 9.1%. As it is noticed, the consultancy business keeps up assorted qualities in a manner (Mason, 2015). As a central organizer, I ought to adumbrate a solid strategy for success in the wake of consulting with the pertinent gatherings. In the arrangement, it is required to offer needs to the territorial occupation. For example, the fundamental premise of vocation is angling at Clipper Bay. I trust it is critical to upgrade the separate area (fishing) for productive monetary advancement at Clipper Bay. The traveller luxuries, for example, fire outdoors in the forested areas can bolt. The district is near ocean shore. Thusly, sports like water-rafting, snorkelling, high plunging, stream skiing and scuba jumping can be fascinating for the visitors. In the meantime, I need to change over an empty zone to a legitimate eatery network. Compared to the ocean line, the shoreline eatery will be intended to draw in the cheerful and joy looking for visitors. The fascinating ocean sustenance and fish things will be luscious for the voyagers. Along these lines, the vacationer business will be produce d. With the change of the waterfront economy, the town will win another measurement in the ebb and flow (Ringer, 2013). Talking quickly, this is the strategy for the success of the Clipper Bay. As a central organizer of the town, I will offer shape to the strategy for success. CBA or ROI Analyses In the section, I need to talk about the utilization of relatively preferred standpoint by conveying CBA or ROI examinations. With the assistance of these investigations, I can recognize an industry that backings monetary rejuvenation. In the segment, it is vital to comprehend CBA or ROI examinations for further illustration of certainties. Money saving advantage Analysis (CBA), is likewise deciphered as Benefit Cost Analysis (BCA). It is a system that breaks down business choices. Before building another plant or thinking on a venture, the executive leads a money saving advantage examination (Burgan and Mules, 2001). The money saving advantage examination is a procedure evaluating all the critical expenses and incomes of the venture. The result demonstrates that whether the venture is fiscally attainable or not. Money saving advantage examination is a critical stride, the extent that the business venture is concerned. In the meantime, ROI investigation is characterized as Return on Investment examination (Smith, 2014). The ROI examination is an execution measure that breaks down the proficiency of a speculation. It assesses the size of profit for the cost of a speculation (Perkins, 1994). In the task, both the Cost-Benefit investigation (CBA) and Return on Investment (ROI) shape vital parts of the venture. As the main organizer, I plan to ponder my business choices for Clipper Bay (Tribe, 2015). It is important for me to recognize a specific industry that fortifies monetary rejuvenation. Here, I have picked the visitor business that accumulates substantial benefit to the little settlement of Clipper Bay. Being near the ocean, the Clipper Bay can be an enchanting vacationer goal for all individuals over the globe. In the meantime, the locale has a flourishing fishing zone that can give a driving force to the section. The lodging and accommodation frame an indispensable piece of the traveller business. As a central organizer, I have chosen to address these key issues prompting the monetary advancement of Clipper Bay. To my assessment, the worldwide economy is developing at a quick pace. With a specific end goal to the expert in the present time, the main organizer needs to consider the critical variables of monetary advancement, for example, base of business, climatic example, vital area and dietary style. The outcome is determined by welding every one of these components. Cost-Benefit Analysis In the section, I mean to think about the Cost-Benefit examination of the traveller business. As a central organizer, my desire is to recognize the particular business that backings financial improvement at Clipper Bay. I have built up a Cost-Benefit examination for the specific tourism improvement program at Clipper Bay. In the above figure, I have built up a Cost-Benefit examination for the tourism improvement I have noticed that the net advantage for the venture is estimated at $37,500This is a reasonable monetary estimation for the proposed tourism improvement program at Clipper Bay. It appears that the monetary spending plan is totally practical and apposite for the particular tourism industry at Clipper Bay. If I contribute $50 million on the vacationer extend (as said), then I would expect a twofold wage consequently. For example, the standard venture cost is $50 million (counting the cost separation and charges). The arrival on venture would be at any rate $100 or $150 (rough estimation). It is trusted that arrival on speculation investigation (ROI) examination is noteworthy for any modern improvement. Management of Sustainable Tourism In the section, I need to examine the feasible approach of the tourism business at Clipper Bay. To my conviction, economical tourism is characterized as the idea of paying a visit to a place as a vacationer. In the meantime, the traveller ought to comprehend positive socio-social, financial and natural effects (Nash and Butler, 1990). Head servant (1991) bolstered the idea of "ecotourism" that falls under the classification of 'practical tourism'. By alluding to the idea, he guarantees that 'sustainable tourism' spreads the message of ecological equilibrium and does not risk or subvert the biological community. As a central organizer, I will probably guarantee manageability for the proposed tourism program. It is highly indispensable for me to take noteworthy measures that secure both the locale and the venture. Along these lines, I ought to make it obligatory that the travellers don't hurt the ecological biological system by tossing paper containers, plastic sacks or any non-degradable items. Being near the ocean, the economy of Clipper Bay is relied on upon marine life and angling. In actuality, it is my duty to give appropriate rules to the voyagers about the safeguarding of nature. It is fitting that the sightseers peruse through the rules before going by the place. The voyagers ought not to litter the shoreline territories by spilling destructive chemicals into the ocean water. This activity is impeding to the marine life in the ocean (Virginija, 2016). As a central organizer, one of my few obligations is to keep up reasonable tourism at Clipper Bay. Investigation of Tourism Stake-Holder Model The stakeholder model encapsulates a few stages. It is imperative for the organizer to distinguish potential partners, their interests and stakes. It is prudent to isolate the partners into two gatherings: essential partners and auxiliary partners. With the financial headway, the idea of stakeholder is gaining a new dimension. As indicated by Roberts (1992), Freeman was the primary researcher to propound the idea of 'tourism stakeholder framework'. Freeman (1984) claims that the expression "stakeholders" signify the significant players than can impact or be affected by the action of the organization. More or less, the administration and the partners of the organization are similarly in charge of the supportable improvement of the association. In the meantime, they are capable of taking huge choices about the development of the organization. On the other hand, the idea of partner model can be connected to the tourism area. Tourism industry witnesses amalgam of various angles. It incorporates significant gatherings that are understood as "stakeholder" in the genuine feeling of the term. Every partner has one's own particular intrigue related with the tourism division. Every one of them blueprints a powerful tourism idea for the voyagers (Fennell, 2014). On the off chance that any of them neglects to produce benefit, the whole venture gets influenced. In the tourism area, the significant partners are in national, common and nearby government bodies. In the meantime, the partners include lodging, sustenance benefit, transport offices, the nearby zones, environmental groupings, customers, supply chains, sellers and other participatory units (NGO) (Hunter, 1997). As the main organizer, my obligation is to choose a specific partner strategy for the advancement of the venture. It is noted, tourism industry incorporates a few spots and goals in a particular geological lattice. It is important to consider tourism a composite entity; a particular top administration ought to be mulled over. Subsequently, Destination Management Organization (DMO) appears. The Destination Management Organization (DMO) ought to be in charge of arranging and regulating the locale. The Destination Management Organization (DMO) distributes assets regarding nature and humankind (Edgell Sr, 2016). In the meantime, it is their obligation to coordinate the assets into appropriate channels. As a central organizer of Clipper Bay, my duty is to distinguish the potential partner unit and fabricate a Destination Management Organization (DMO). The separate body is required to consider differed parts of the proposed tourism advancement venture. Meanwhile, I ought to highlight the n oteworthy angles and regulate the administration of the Destination Management Organization (DMO). Economic merit and demerit of tourism development (Clipper Bay) Clipper bay is a maritime haunt that is perched on the cliff of a peninsula. Being near the ocean, the district has a salubrious climate for each game. The economy of the locale depends on angling and overflowing marine exercises. By considering all components, the locale Clipper Bay can be an appealing visitor goal. The financial legitimacy is deep. The area is in the vicinity to the ocean shorelines. Consequently, marine exercises can enthusiasm for the visitors. By presenting these exercises at Clipper Bay, the area yields significant revenues. In this manner, the tourism will be a brilliant thing for the financial improvement of Clipper Bay. The main bad mark is the locale does not have fruitful territory. Along these lines, the agrarian underlying foundations of Clipper Bay are not solid. This is the main set-back of the area. The district needs to rely on upon some fruitful tracts for agrarian assets, which are basic for the sustenance of the eateries chains at Clipper Bay. It is trusted that eatery outlets frame a necessary piece of the tourism division. For this situation, the area involves a muddled situation for the foundation of tourism venture (Jamal and Camargo, 2014). Another inconvenience is the vehicle system is not productive in the isolated locale. It appears that Clipper Bay is apparently cut off from the urban piece of the USA. Consequently, the vehicle issues are prominent. For further financial advance, a significant fund is required. Socio-Cultural merit and demerit of tourism development (Clipper Bay) The number of inhabitants at Clipper Bay includes groups of families of varied generations. It is noted that the original began the settlement. The original of individuals framed the cultivating or agrarian gathering (Boniface, 2013). The third generation embarks on the employment of fishing. This era gives a driving force to the business of fishing. Along these lines, the economy spins around the fish marketing that reinforces the tourism sector at Clipper bay. To put it plainly, the economy is inseparably connected with the general public. From the social point of view, the locale witnessed the inception and logical conclusion of a specific celebration (Picard, 2015). This celebration portrays standard commitments connected with the social ceremonies and weeklong festivity. The celebration signifies the beginning of the fishing season at Clipper Bay. The legitimacy is the tourism part can witness a decent mixing together of different socio-social perspectives (as talked about above ). Notwithstanding, the main fault is the locale involves parochial socio-social texture that is negative to the tourism improvement extend at Clipper Bay. The entire country is modernizing at a fast pace. The entire United States of America is the case of modernization. At this point, a little settlement like Clipper Bay is moving at a sluggish rate. The local government aims to consider the broadening of the district. The nearby committee and monetary chambers put an accentuation on the financial improvement of the area. The legitimacy is the political bodies have conceded $50 million for the financial recovery by modernizing the tourism business. Then again, the main fault is the nearby government moves at a slow rate. In this way, a central organizer is contracted for the best possible execution of the plan. Reference Boniface, P. (2013).Managing quality cultural tourism. Routledge. Burgan, B., Mules, T. (2001). Reconciling costbenefit and economic impact assessment for event tourism.Tourism Economics,7(4), 321-330. Butler, R. (Ed.). (2006).The tourism area life cycle(Vol. 1). Channel view publications. Edgell Sr, D. L. (2016).Managing sustainable tourism: a legacy for the future. Routledge. Edgell Sr, D. L. (2016).Managing sustainable tourism: a legacy for the future. Routledge. Fennell, D. A. (2014).Ecotourism. Routledge. Freeman, R. E. (1984). The politics of stakeholder theory: Some future directions.Business ethics quarterly,4(04), 409-421. Hunter, C. (1997). Sustainable tourism as an adaptive paradigm.Annals of tourism research,24(4), 850-867. Jamal, T., Camargo, B. A. (2014). Sustainable tourism, justice and an ethic of care: Toward the just destination.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,22(1), 11-30. Mason, P. (2015).Tourism impacts, planning and management. Routledge. Murphy, P. E. (2013).Tourism: A community approach (RLE Tourism). Routledge. Nash, D., Butler, R. (1990). Towards sustainable tourism.Tourism management,11(3), 263-264. Perkins, F. (1994).Practical cost benefit analysis: basic concepts and applications. Macmillan Education Australia Pty Ltd. Picard, D. (2015). Making ecotourism sustainable: refocusing on economic viability. Lessons learnt from the Regional strategic action plan for coastal ecotourism development in the South Western Indian Ocean.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,23(6), 819-837. Ringer, G. (Ed.). (2013).Destinations: cultural landscapes of tourism. Routledge. Roberts, R. W. (1992). Determinants of corporate social responsibility disclosure: An application of stakeholder theory.Accounting, organizations and society,17(6), 595-612. Smith, S. L. (2014).Tourism analysis: A handbook. Routledge. Tribe, J. (2015).The economics of recreation, leisure and tourism. Routledge. Virginija, J. (2016). Interaction between Cultural/Creative Tourism and Tourism/Cultural Heritage Industries.Tourism-from empirical research towards practical application, 137. Weaver, D. B. (2014). Asymmetrical dialectics of sustainable tourism: Toward enlightened mass tourism.Journal of Travel Research,53(2), 131-140.

Sexual Abuse Essays (513 words) - Abuse, Child Sexual Abuse

Sexual Abuse The impact of sexual abuse reaches all levels of a childs emotions. These emotions and the effects are listed below: Confusion: This is usually the initial reaction of the child. They will usually question, "What is going on?" and " Is this right or wrong?". For a young child these types of questions can be an emense burden on their physcological development. Once the abuse begins the victim experience a tremnedous conflict with their emotions. They feel pleasant due to the attention they are recieving from the parent, as well as the sensual pleasure. On the other hand they experience pain, guilt, and anger for what is being done. The question, "Is this right or wrong?" posses the greatest conflict within the childs mind. The abuse feels so wrong yet the abuser insits it is okay, taking advantage of the childs mistrust and naivety. Below are the thoughts of an abused victim as she thinks back to her abuse and questions her father. It is an example of this mistrust as well as the conf usion which goes through a childs mind. "Since I was a little ten year old child, I had to deceive and hide from the world and my mother that my father tooka sexual interest in me. Remember how you taught me that art of deceit? First you put me in a situation that had to be kept a secret then you pledged me to secrecy...As a tenold child, what was I supposed to do? You are an intelligent man you figure out the options available to a ten year old in that position." (Rush, 1980) The abused will feel tremendous guilt for a numerous reasons: They feel they did nothing to stop the abuse therefore they are responsible and it should continue. They felt uncomfortable but the abuse was sometimes pleasureable. They somehow deserved and/or caused the abuse. A victim will usually feel this way when their self?esteem has diminshed and they have no more answers for what is happenning. "A nine year old girl had a nightmare and went to her fathers room for comfort but instead he sexually abused her . The girl then concluded that she caused the abuse by going to his room. The abuse thereafter continued and she now felt she deserved for it to continue." (Landau, 1990) This fictional example helps to further illustrate the final 2 points which were presented above. The guilt hits the child so hard that they are unable to clearly see reality. Another major source of guilt comes from the mother. Often when the mother is told about the abuse she will not want to believe the accusations and will blame the child. Other reasons for why the mother may pass guilt: 1) she may feel inequipped to challange the husbands domination in any area of life therefore she shes passes the husbands faults and looks at the child. 2) The mother doesn't want to lose her husband. She does not want to give up the security provided by her husband and will block out the abuse.

Bring That Ass Here Essays - , Term Papers

Bring That Ass Here 1AC Devane's Standup How y'all doing white folk? I got a couple of things I want a talk about while we're in this debate round I hate my job I think it's just that I hate working It's a black thing I'm telling you We funny You ever woke up and tried to trick yourself into thinking you had didn't have to be at work til later? Maybe my schedule said 10 not 9 Cause working a job ain't fun Especially when you got a bad job You know how you know got a bad job You only get a 30 minute lunch You ever try to take a nap during the lunch You wake up cranky than a Mufucka I ain't doing shit else today Black people the only people I know that'll go to work and get a attitude when they have to work I remember I used to work in the stockroom at Sears so you know we did all the hard stuff so when I ask for some help I'm assuming the other workers would comply ya know I was wrong. I'd come upstairs like "hey could you find these pair of clothes and just leave them on the register so I can get them later" this bitch came on action " I used to just take shit breaks I'd excuse to the bathroom and be in there going ham on the toilet and then I'd just sit there til i felt better Speaking of shitty predicaments Anybody still live with they mom? C'mon don't act holier than thou You ever try to fuck when ya moms was home That's some secret agent shit I swear errtime I fucked in my moms house, I was scared like George Zimmerman at the million man march Like a nigga would just walk up on me at any minute You know what's foul? Not living at home and then moving back in the house Cause of course things for you have changed but in your parents eyes everything the same I'm 20 years old and my moms still be trynna enforce a curfew on me Matter of fact I need to leave out this bitch to get home for she lock a nigga out The first thing that I wanna say is that debate is funny as hell I mean as an activity this shit is bonkers. I know you agree with me cause when people ask you to explain what debate is you always hit em with the "UHHHHH C'MON NIGGA!" I mean when white do debate its a lot easier to understand - *in white voice* it's about reading competitive policy options or defending the status quo. I'm telling you I was down man I was I really was. I was the man on politics. But I couldn't spread Like y'all are fast shit. dead ass I used to practice speaking like them white kids at Northwestern and Michigan State. (does fake spread) I couldn't get with it though. That long ass strand of semen hanging from your top lip - tf is that? I hate when people watch the debate documentaries then find out that I debate. My cousin caught me at thanksgiving one year "Ay man you do that debate stuff right?' "Yeah I'm pretty good" "so you could do the reading fast?" "yeah to an extent" "do it for me" Or my favorite thing "Oh you're on the debate team? Good good. Debate me about something. *holds up G2* debate me about why we shouldn't use pens" The second thing I wanna talk about is this dumb ass resolution: umm public service announcement - niggas only care about the marijuana portion of the topic. Like that shit hit the core of niggas hearts and shit. but then you think about how niggas would go about SELLING the weed and then reality check - they trynna price you out the game nigga. You really think your little 2 for 15 is gonna compare with the Walmart value pack? Physician assisted suicide that shit is crazy What nigga you know is looking for a doctor to kill em? First of all, my doctor aint gonna do it. black folk is too intuned with jesus to go to let some doctor kill em. Secondly, who the fuck bout to pay a nigga to kill them

Homophobia in children The harm it can cause Professor Ramos Blog

Homophobia in children The harm it can cause Homophobia is not a phobia most people are born with, it is taught through morals of parents and how they grew up. In recent years homophobia has been dwindling down with the recent laws past that make gay marriage legal in the states. However, it is still a very big factor within the school system. Many children are afraid to come out as gay or Bi because of the repercussions they can face due to their peers bullying them. In a report by Jamie Ducharme for Time magazine, Jamie tells of the unfortunate tale of a Nine-year-old boy’s death by suicide because he was bullied for coming out as gay. His mother had approached the childs classmates about the issue when Jamel Miles, the Nine-year-old classmate, had first come out as gay. Jamel had first come out as gay over the summer to his family, so as the new school year had started he was facing a significant amount of bullying from his classmates. Jamel is one of many children and teenagers who had faced a tragic end due to bullying. Children and teens who identify and a sexual minority such as any of the LGBT pronouns have an increased percentage of committing suicide because of the increased amount of bullying. In a study done by Nationwide Childrens Hospital and John Ackerman, a clinical psychologist and the prevention coordinator for the Center for Suicide Prevention it was uncovered that â€Å"An estimated 34% of gay, lesbian or bisexual kids face bullying at school, which may make them especially susceptible to suicidal behavior†(Ackerman). It was also found that an estimated 40% of high school students who identified as LGBT had considered suicide due to excessive bullying and ridicule. While we are far from ending homophobia we can definitely address the issue with suicide prevention. The school system should react faster to occasions such as Jamels and many others by punishing the bully for their actions rather than brushing it off. Suicide prevention can be talk about in schools, as well as how bullying could truly affect someone. It can bring that person to the thought and possibility of suicide. link:  http://time.com/5379876/denver-9-year-old-suicide-bullying/ Discussion questions: 1. What are your thoughts about this situation? 2. What can we do as parents to prevent this from happening in the future? Group: Aidan Littleton, Xenia Jimenez,  Daniel chittenden

Johann Sebastian Bach Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Johann Sebastian Bach - Research Paper Example The Baroque period of music stretched from the 17th to the 18th century. J.S. Bach was a contemporary of Telemann and Vivaldi. He would influence Mozart and Beethoven. This period produced the many forms of music that we know today. The music, chosen for this paper, will show the diversity of Bach's compositional abilities. It will also be shown how his music has influenced other composers. His composition gave early examples of the symphony, the cantata and the fugue. Fugues and Symphonic are forms which were carried over to the classical period. John Sebastian Bach came from a family of musicians. He was born in 1685 in Eisenach and died in 1750 in Leipzig. It is important to note that his brother Johann Christian, who was also a well established musician, had studied with Johann Pachelbel, a famous composer. His Pachelbel’s Canons are well known. J.S. Bach married two times, fathered 20 children and trained his children to be musicians. When Bach's father died, J.C. Bach to ok over his musical training. He studied piano, organ and violin. His first courses in composition were given by his brother when he was a child. In essence, J.C. Bach was J.S. Bach's first teacher. From 14-17 years of age, he studied in Luneber, where he sang in the school choir. It is important to note that he also had access to the large musical library where he studied the scores of manuscripts of the Dutch school of music (Grout 416). When he finished his studies in 1703, he became employed as a violinist in Weimar and then in the same year he became organist in Arnstadt. He stayed there for four years. He had left because of the lack of musical respect of his compositions. He went back to Weimar to become Concert Master which meant he supervised an orchestra and a choir. This was an excellent environment to be able to compose as he could try his music in the orchestra, within minutes from having composed it. He composed most of his Cantatas then. From 1717, he was able to conc entrate upon composing during most of his time. As concert-master, he had access to the orchestra in Kothen where he composed the majority of his instrumental music. Bach wrote in the Baroque style. In the 17th century, the Catholic Church no longer controlled the music life. Composers were under the system of patronage. They either had jobs in churches or worked for courts. Germany and Holland were no longer Catholic. They had become protestant. Music had become an important part of their church service. Most music in the Catholic Church remained in the form of heavily voices with instruments. The protestant or Lutherans relied on full orchestras and voices. This period of history had much more freedom in the arts. Baroque music meant freedom in composition, style and instrumentation. Bach’s music was performed in the 19th century by Felix Mendleson. Bach would influence composers up to today. The music was much more technical in terms of polyphony. This was partly due to th e type of instruments used. The harpsichord accompanying an instrument or voice did not interrupt but played in alternating with the voice. The strings were used as an accompaniment of the soloist. If the choir sang, it was the full orchestra. Compositions were orchestrated for multiple arrangements. The compositions were set to form and the form was respected. Freedom in composition meant freedom to compose following rules that didn't exist during the Middle

Fossils and their interpretations essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fossils and their interpretations - Essay Example Several paleontologists have managed to collect close to 2000 Eusthenopteron specimens, which have been effective at providing room for the detailed study of this species. Basing on the anatomy, Eusthenopteron shares several unique features that are common with some earliest known tetrapods. The largest individual was capable of growing up to 1.8 meters in length, while is also shares the similar pattern of the skull roofing bones with other forms, such as Ichthyostaga and Acanthostega. Eusthenopteron like any other tetrapodomorph fisheries had internal nostrils, which are only found in the land animals. From this fossil, one can develop a thesis that all creatures developed from a transition of other creatures. The image of this fossil is as shown below; Figure: Eusthenopteron foordi. University Museum of Zoology Cambridge specimen GN. 786. Scale bar is 10 millimeters. Photograph by JAC Pathologists Jennifer A. Clack (2002) believes that Eusthenopteron showed some characteristics of crawling across the dry landscape with the help of its fore fins while moving around. This fossil also shows that it had labyrinthodont teeth, which are characterized by the infolded enamel, which also characterizes the rest of earliest known tetrapods as well. ... The appendicular long bones of this fossil shows that it had some epiphyseal growth plates that were essential at allowing substancial longitudinal growth through the endochondral ossification, as similar to the case of tetrapod long bones. The genus has six appendicular bones that also occur in tetrapods and are thus a synapomorphy of the large clade of sarcopterygians, which is also possibly the subclass Tetrapodomorpha. This genus also lacks some superficial odontodes on its elasmoid scales, which are composed of the dentine and enamel. The lack of such similarities implies that there is a synapornorphy with more crownward tetrapodomorphs. The genus Eusthenopteron also differs from the later Carboniferous tetrapods basing on the apparent absence of some recognized larval stage and the definitive metamorphosis. But on the even smallest known specimens of the Eusthenopteron foordi, when it attains a length of 29mm, the lepidotrichia is able to cover all the fins, which on the contra ry do not happen with after metamorphosis occurs in the genera like Polyodon. This has the implication of stating that Eusthenopteron developed directly, with its hatching already managing to attain the general body of the adult species. This therefore implies that Palaeospondylus gunni might not have been the larva of Eusthenopteron. The author responds to these claims about Eusthenopteron with some sort of analysis. There are emerging issues that now, nearly 20 years of which this subject has undergone a renaissance; there is much enriched fossil record to draw implications from. However, much of this recent work is yet to reflect on the popularity of the accounts on this subject. There is some assumption that Devonian tetrapods and the respective close fish relatives originate

Eco204 potato chip monopoly Essay Example for Free

Eco204 potato chip monopoly Essay A monopoly is an industry composed of only one firm that produces a product for which there are no close substitutions and in which significant barriers exist to prevent new firms from entering into the industry (Case, 2009). In a different definition, it can be distinguished by a lack of financially viable competition to produce the goods or services as well as to substitute goods. Monopolies often refer to a procedure by which a company could gain a determinedly larger market than what would be expected under an ideal competition. This paper will emphasize on several components such as how a monopoly can benefit towards stakeholders or owners. Also, how the changes could take place according to price and output of the goods and services in a particular market place and how the market structure can be beneficial to the Wonks potato chip monopoly. This paper addresses a particular incident regarding a company called â€Å"Wonk† that produced potato chips. In 2008, two lawyers started acquiring aggressive potato chip firms with the plan to create a monopoly firm ‘Wonk’. From this perspective, those lawyers hired a consulting firm to manage and estimate the long-run competitive stability of this firm as monopoly. Again, with rule of marketplace a monopoly is a company which produces goods and services for which there no substitution in that particular area to compete for those certain products or services and prohibits new companies enter in that market to serve that community. By acquiring all the farms that produce similar products like potato chips those lawyers made a perfect monopoly of its kind. A perfect or pure monopoly would definitely make this firm to control the entire business of that kind. This is how this â€Å"Wonk† takes over its significant position and which reflect on the market demand curve. This company with two lawyers now would have power over everything from output quantity, to price point and as well as customer choice. In this case the cost of production would the only thing remaining against them. When the firm has over all control to what extent of production would take place and how much production would be continued based on demand and thus the firm controls their position on the demand curve. This would be a great example of Monopoly. By running a company as a monopoly there would be no difference between the product market and the company. (Case, 2009) Since the company is the market place where it would eventually decide what move should they make, what is going on in terms of external and internal operation of the business. This situation could generate a significant price unfairness, which would definitely impact families, consumers and suppliers of the goods and services. This kind of discrimination could affect suppliers being charged a higher fee for the similar goods and services in the area where they reside or within their reach. In these circumstances, monopoly would ultimately affect the society and regular consumers. Some families would have to pay higher than others for trading the same goods and services if it was purchased from different location or city where this type of Monopoly does not exist. When a manufacturer negotiates a lower rate that might be a different case whether it acts as Monopoly or not it takes a different direction and breaks the monopoly games. As a business owner or consumers, it is definitely not very beneficial to have a firm that is monopoly due to its power and control that affects consumers or the society. One of the most important components of monopoly is the improved price discrimination which often allows a monopolist to increase greater profit by charging more money to those consumers that require in higher demand and those who need the product more or who have a better ability to bear the cost. For example, most of the textbooks cost significantly higher in the United States than in a third world country like Sudan. Monopoly embraced company has serious power to be in charge of price point, which can affect the business and supplier and then ultimately the consumer. In this case the business of Wonk as monopoly, the owners are required to only have only a few choices to acquire the potato chips ingredients products. This type of situation obviously playing a huge role in monopoly where owners selling price would be affected if the remarkable producer started increasing their price point based on this simple fact that they have the authority and own all market shares. This control of the market would definitely affect the buyer’s price and finally when the consumers acquire. If a company increase or decrease the prices in the market, the producers can change and adjust the demand and total quantity of goods and services that manufactured for consumers. Monopolies are usually good for the company owners and shareholders when they know that the market is captured by their company. Therefore, they attract more people to buy shares due to better revenue and sound financial outcomes. Similarly, the Wonk potato chips company would benefit by operating as a monopoly and take advantage of the situation. In this case, Wonk would have the precise knowledge and understanding of how they would move their products and fully aware of the market condition. Since they control the overall market they would not have any competition with their products to move whenever it requires. By controlling production and the amount of product to be received by the consumer, Wonk Company would control the selling price due to all the power of what a monopoly creates demand on their own. Since, the company is free from competition they could easily increase their price of products as much as they want. Therefore they would benefit from this opportunity once all price position is recognized. If the company increases its price too high at certain limit, Wonk could face a serious challenge to satisfy the consumers. But, that affect in the long run. Ultimately Wonk has the control to set pricing by operating as a monopoly. This decision as to where to set pricing can ultimately impact the demand curve. When company set its price the consumers could miss the value of products and services in a fair market. As a producer or a supplier it is very important to continuously satisfy customers and consumers and should be the first choice to satisfy from the chain. This situation could generate an impact on market demand resulting in a loss of revenue. By setting price point to low, the manufacturer may need to sell much more product to compensate for production costs. When dealing with monopolies in other areas except food manufacturing industry, we could determine that there is no limit to how high price point. But for this particular industry, I would say that the price point would not increase right away since the Wonk has realized that it’s not viable for them to increase price point in an higher set, because it could drive all the customers away from the business. Of course I do believe that the company would increase the price in acceptable manner that consumers still keep faith on the company. Wonk, a monopoly business would have many significant benefits as an ideal, healthy company in perfect situation with any competition. Since they are the only the producer of goods and services in the market the potato chip market in whole would be fully controlled by Wonk. Since A perfect competition industry would allow a fairness of price setting, most companies would sell competitive products, and there would no company larger to capture a unwanted price. Here, Wonks most certainly would buy out all relevant potato chip rivals and thus, they would control the potato chip industry which would not qualify for a perfect competition market. Therefore, their profit would sky rocketed and on the other had consumers would be refrained from a better price for quality products that has competition. In an ideal world as a consumer, I believe everyone would contribute to a perfect competition and buy goods and services from a monopoly free, ideal competitive industry. In a competitive market the buyer has the option to choose what products is suitable for his or her needs and would have many choices to pick from. The biggest advantage for the customers would be many different option and types of products and many different prices (Case, 2009). Monopolistic market drives the producer to shares many small segments of the market which usually helps keep the price of the products in an acceptable stage and consumers could afford happily. I believe different choice of prices would absolutely be an advantageous method for to the consumers. Wonks could face charges for practicing monopoly with the Sherman Act of 1890. The Sherman Act states that it is illegal for an individual or a company to operate a monopoly business or attempt to monopolize. There are many different government authorities are in charge to restrict the rules. The offices that handle the authority to implement and regulate are Federal Trade Commission and Antitrust Division of the Justice Department. By enforcing these acts and laws the Federal Government has been fully determined to keep firms to stay away from monopolize. Monopoly business, Wonk restricts a good fairness market which only made profitable for itself but made the consumers refrained from open and fair choices of market shares. Wonk made them the only choice available for consumers regardless of quality products such as potato chips. As consumer, I would not accept one choice of product. I would like to have many different price and quality products available for me to be fully satisfied. Thus it is absolutely clear the reason why federal governments put laws on the table to protect customer’s right and let other business have their opportunity to serve with variety of goods and services. It is clear that Wonk, a monopoly company certainly in control of everything and benefits from every direction from price to quality to consumer’s choice. References Case, K. E. , Fair, R. C. , and Oster, S. M. (2009) Principles of Microeconomics (9th ed). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Kelvin Lancaster (1974), Introduction to Modern microeconomics, Second Edition, United States: Rand McNally College Pub. Co Michael Parkin (2008) Economics, Eight Edition. United States: Pearson Education Published by Addison-Wesley, Inc. Paul Krugman, Robin Wells (2010), Microeconomics, Second Edition, United States: W H Freeman Co.

Anti War Movement Vietnam Essay

Anti War Movement Vietnam Essay It is generally acknowledged that the antiwar movement in the late 1960s and early 1970s shortened the Vietnam War; how that is interpreted may depend on whether the person doing the interpretation supports or does not support the war itself. Thus, some see the antiwar effort as having prevented America from winning, while others see the antiwar effort as preventing America from continuing a wasteful and unwinnable war. The primary role of the antiwar movement was not one that caused change in and of itself but that kept the issue before the public. The public might have accepted the official version of events far longer if that version were not being questioned constantly by antiwar activists. When certain events occurred that suggested that the antiwar protesters were at least partially right, the public paid attention. Although there was ever growing dissent from citizens in America, did their actions actually help end the war in Vietnam? The Vietnam situation was one that developed and escalated so slowly in the mind of the American people that it was not until the war had grown to massive scale that the majority of American people could actually sit down and ask to themselves what they were pulled into. American involvement in the war had been going on since 1954 when the French were forced to pull out after the battle of Dien Bien Phu.  [1]  There had always been people against the war, but it was not until more than a decade later that full scale protest groups emerged. Although Kennedy believed that military involvement in South Vietnam would never achieve their intended goal, the Kennedy administration essentially followed the course that would be continued by subsequent administrations- to maintain a military presence because to do otherwise would make America appear weak, and to fight against communist aggression based on the domino theory that if one country fell, more would follow.  [2]   Democratic as well as Republican presidents continued the war because of the belief that it showed American weakness to withdraw. In addition, there is clearly some feeling that once committed, America could not withdraw without achieving victory. President Lyndon Johnson let this fear of negative public opinion influence his policy in the war: Haunted by fears of personal inadequacy, profoundly shaped by cultural norms of courage, honor, and manliness, and determined never to allow the right wing to use his policies in Vietnam as an excuse for a new McCarthy era, Johnson approached the horrible dilemma of Vietnam already wrapped in a straitjacket  [3]   The war went largely unexamined by the public until the Johnson administration. The war seemed to have no end in sight and the American public was finally starting to realize this. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution publicized doubts about the war and raised questions about the policy. Opposition to the war increased as the war escalated thereafter, and certainly the more troops that were sent into Vietnam in the late 1960s, the more opposition solidified. Images of the war on television created uncertainty in the U.S. and contributed to the development of the counter-culture. Some have claimed since that time that the dissension at home is what lost the war, but it is not at all certain that the opposition at home had that much to do with the loss. It may have deepened the resolve of the communists, but nothing the U.S. had done prior to the beginning of opposition at home had been effective, raising the question of why it would have been any more effective in the late 1960s. Several events changed the way the public saw the war, and one was the My Lai Massacre. The My Lai Massacre occurred on March 16, 1968, and saw almost 500 unarmed civilians, the majority of which were women and children, murdered by the U.S. Army.  [4]  To make things worse, some bodies were found to be sexually abused and mutilated. It wasnt until a year later that the American public found out about the murders which sparked a storm of controversy throughout the United States. Another event which turned public opinion against the war was the self immolation of a Buddhist monk in October 1963 in an act of protest under South Vietnams President Ngo Dinh Diems corrupt regime.  [5]   While the antiwar movement had no single iconic leader to act as a face of the movement, many people from all walks of life participated. Martin Luther King declared his opposition to the war in 1967 in a speech where he outlined seven major reasons he was against the war. He felt that the war was diverting resources away from issues that actually needed attention and was doing far more than devastating the hopes of the poor at home. It was sending their sons and their brothers and their husbands to fight and die in extraordinarily high proportions relative to the rest of the population.  [6]  Another famous figure who opposed the war was Muhammed Ali, who was stripped of his heavyweight title for refusing to serve in the military. Even those people unlikely to be a part of a protest movement were involved such as doctors, lawyers, housewives, and religious leaders. Anyone who knew someone who was likely to be drafted in the war was a candidate for the antiwar movement. The most active participants in the antiwar movement may very well have been students. Students from around the nation participated in protests during the Vietnam War. Many colleges had formed chapters of Students for a Democratic society, an activist organization which strongly opposed the war. SDS expressed that the war is immoral at its root, that it is fought alongside a regime with no claim to represent its people, and that it is foreclosing the hope of making America a decent and truly democratic society.  [7]   A monumental event that elevated concern about the war occurred on May 4, 1970 at Kent State University in Ohio. National Guard troops were called in to quell a protest led by Kent State students to oppose the ever escalating war by President Nixon. The event ended in disaster as four students were killed and nine were injured, one of which suffered permanent paralysis from the attack.  [8]  Those injured in the attack were not only protesters but also innocent bystanders who were simply in the wrong place at the wrong time. For some, the event was proof not only that the American social and political systems were failing but that they knew it and were willing to kill young people to protect the status quo. The incident was a direct response to President Richard Nixons speech made on television on April 30, 1970 which announced what he called an incursion into Cambodia by U.S. troops fighting in Vietnam. This was perceived as a widening of the war and generated protests on campus es at colleges and universities across the country. Students at Kent State University in Ohio took part in a series of actions over the weekend following that Thursday night speech, and among the actions taken were the breaking of windows in the business district and the burning of the Army ROTC building on the campus. The governor ordered the Ohio National Guard to the campus as a police action on Monday, and it was this which would lead to the shooting by National Guardsmen of several students.  [9]   Student uprisings in the two years before 1970 saw an increase in confrontations. In 1969 there were two large-scale, national demonstrations against the war, and there were also moratoriums on many campuses throughout the country. In Kent, 4,000 people marched through the downtown area. In Washington, D.C., a demonstration attracted some 500,000 people.  [10]  The Kent State killings could be seen as the culmination of a decade of campus protest, and the response of the government demonstrated how little it understood the depth of sentiment against the war and other issues that existed at that time. It also showed how paranoid the leadership could be when confronted with any opposition. With events like the My Lai and Kent State massacres burned into peoples minds, the idea of a war with no purpose to the common person made less and less sense as time went on. Although antiwar activists cannot receive all the credit for the ending of the war in April of 1975 as the North Vietnamese sacrificed everything for their cause, the antiwar movement kept the issue alive and raised public consciousness in the Western world. While governments may routinely act against the wishes of its people, there will always come a point in time when enough people dare to oppose the government to bring about real change. This happened in the 1960s and the 1970s due to the efforts of Americans who had enough sense to admit America was wrong in its actions in Vietnam and enough courage to stand up and oppose it. Schulzinger, Robert D. A Time For War: The United States and Vietnam, 1941-1975. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Robert D. Schulzinger, A Time For War: The United States and Vietnam, 1941-1975 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997) 399 McMahon, Robert. Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2008. Robert McMahon. Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2008) 399 Gosse, Van. Rethinking The New Left. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. Van Gosse. Rethinking The New Left (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005) 399

Earthworm Biodiversity in an Arid Region of Rajasthan, India

Among the soil fauna, earthworms have an important role to improve soil texture. The soil texture plays an important role in water holding capacity. Earthworms have an ability to enhance soil characteristics. It contributes to the breakdown of organic matter and release plant nutrients (Edwards and Bohlen, 1996). Earthworms are also considered as useful indicator of the health of soil ecosystem (Edwards and Bohlen, 1992) as to their role in soil fertility through fragmentation and mixed up the soil with mineral particle, enhancing microbial activity to breakdown plant organic matter.The contribution of earthworms in soil turnover, structure formation and serve as a fertility enhancer in different way. Earthworms are useful in land improvement and organic waste management (Edwards and Baker, 1992; Lavelle and Martin, 1992; Johnson, 1997; Villenave et al. , 1999). The distribution and population density of various earthworm species have been correlated with soil type and agriculture la nd use (Haynes et al. , 2003; Sbrina et al. , 2009). The biodiversity of earthworms is influenced by physical, chemical and biological properties of soil and climatic conditions of habitats.Earthworm’s biodiversity is directly affected by soil characteristics (Edwards and Lofty, 1977). These community influencing factors are soil pH, organic matter, nitrogen, C/N ratio, soil moisture and soil texture. Biodiversity is counted as human resources (Heywood, 1996). Recently, many biologists studied the biodiversity and distribution of earthworms in the different parts of the world (Blakemore, 2000, 2002, 2003; Change and Chen, 2004,2005; Blakemore et al. ,2006; Sautter et al. , 2006; Ghafoor et al. , 2008).Present study was done in Bikaner district, which is located in Thar desert of Rajasthan ranging 28. 01 ° N 73. 19 ° E. . The average rain fall in this area is 10† to 15† only. Therefore, climatic conditions are adverse for organisms. Most of its area is irrigate d with tube wells and Indira Gandhi canal. Due to adverse conditions from a long period, there is still a few information about biodiversity and habitats. The present study will revealed new basic information for further research on earthworms and its ecology and application of earthworms in agriculture sector.

New Code Raises Standards of Pharmaceutical Ethics and Practice in UK Essay

1. Introduction Pharmacists play a role in the public health system and the provision of medical care public health system as critical as that of physicians. Most of the time, pharmacists only fill the prescriptions coming from physicians, but pharmacists often need to prescribe and dispense medicines on their own, especially over-the-counter drugs that people usually use for self-medication of common ailments.   With less prudence and circumspection, pharmacists may prescribe medicines that do more harm than good.   In recognition of these potential threats to the integrity of the pharmaceutical profession, the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (RPSGB) has developed a new code of ethics and performance framework, which provide that pharmacists and pharmacy technicians in the whole of UK receive quality education necessary for fostering the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values to provide a consistent and safe practice. In formulating the new pharmaceutical code of ethics, the Society, as the RPSGB is more popularly known in UK, noted how the profession has been smeared by controversies involving some of its members, regarding issues on assisted suicide, making a prescription error, sedating an unruly patient, dispensing high-cost drugs and recommending treatment that would allow parole7,,8.  Ã‚   This paper discusses the revised code of ethics for British pharmacists and pharmacy technicians as to the likelihood of its lifting the professional practice of pharmacy to new heights of ethical proficiency and integrity. 2. Literature Review The requirements of the revised code reflect key issues for modern pharmacy practice, such as encouraging patients to be involved in decisions about their care, respecting patient choice and working in partnership with other healthcare professionals8.   All the provisions of the code are supposed to reflect in the conduct, practice and performance of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians, designed as it is to promote and support a culture of accountability and professional judgment.  Ã‚   For this reason, the code sets out seven principles of ethical practice that pharmacists or pharmacy technicians need to observe in the pursuit of their profession.   2.1. Key Principles The revised code of ethics is based on seven principles, each of which is supported by requirements that explain the types of actions and behaviors expected of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians when applying said principles in practice. The seven principles are: 1) make the care of patients the pharmacist’s first concern; 2) exercise professional judgment in the interests of patients and the public, 3) show respect for others, 4) encourage patients to participate in decisions about their care, 5) develop professional knowledge and competence, 6) be honest and trustworthy, and 7) take responsibility for your working practices. Unlike previous versions, detailed standards and guidance will be produced separately from the code. Seven professional standards and guidance documents have also been developed to support and expand on the principles of the new code of ethics in the following areas: †¢ Patient consent †¢ Patient confidentiality †¢ Sale and supply of medicines †¢ Pharmacist prescribers †¢ Pharmacists and pharmacy technicians in positions of authority †¢ Advertising †¢ Internet pharmacy This means that people are forbidden to accept pharmaceutical work when they do not possess the necessary skills and competence7.   If they do have the proper knowledge and experience, the code says that the pharmacist should start work by establishing the scope of his role and responsibilities and clarifying any ambiguities or uncertainties about where his responsibilities lie.   In addition to complying with his legal and professional obligations, the pharmacist is also expected to keep up to date with and observe the laws, statutory codes and professional obligations relevant to his particular responsibilities8.   2.2. Role and Responsibilities If subject is a pharmacy owner, superintendent pharmacist or pharmacy manager in a hospital, trust, or other field of practice, the code obliges him to set the standards and policies for the provision of pharmacy services by his organization.   The idea is to make the organization – its premises, departments or facilities – properly maintained so that none of its activities would bring the pharmaceutical profession into disrepute.   For this purpose, all the medicines, pharmaceutical ingredients, devices and other stocks at the pharmacy premises or facilities are stored under conditions appropriate to the nature and stability of these products.  Ã‚   In hiring people, management of a pharmacy must conduct background check to ensure that they are qualified for the job and have no criminal records1. The code deems it important that the people employed in a pharmacy are conscientious enough to raise concerns about risks to patients or the public.   Thus, the pharmacy should emplace an appropriate and effective mechanism for staff to raise concerns about risks to patients or the public, including concerns about inadequate resources, policies and procedures, or problems with the health, behavior or the professional performance of others.   2.3. Ethical Development Ethical practice in any profession is commonly perceived to be the outcome of good education and training.   However, studies in the UK context reveal that classroom discussion and experiential clerkship training have no significant impact on the ethical decisions that pharmacists make later3.   In an interview of pharmacy students regarding parole and drug rationing, it was found that majority would recommend treatment to allow parole and restrict the use of expensive drugs6. The ethical choice here is between the benefits to the patient and the risks or costs to society. On physician-assisted suicide or euthanasia, few students expressed willingness to dispense any lethal dose of medication to terminally ill patients.   In cases of unruly patients, however, more students would dispense the appropriate sedative.   These responses give rise to questions so to whether pharmacy students are trained to be patient-focused in their future practice3. The code also specifies training on such aspects of pharmaceutical practice as good consultation skills and meticulous record keeping.   To the code, it matters if pharmacists forget to ask questions in a medication review or in dispensing a repeat prescription; or misinterpret body language and miss cues from patients about emerging problems. The reason is that pharmacists may be the only healthcare professional the patient is seeing routinely so it matters if they miss something or handle a clinical situation poorly.   2.4. Advertised Drugs A recent randomized controlled trial using model patients found that patient requests for advertised drugs were a stronger determinant of prescribing decisions than whether or not the patient had the condition the drug aimed to treat2. Another study of prescribing decisions in response to patient requests found that if a patient asks for an advertised brand, he usually receives it, although the physician is more likely to be ambivalent about these prescribing decisions6. These studies suggest a need for physicians and pharmacists to receive adequate training on how to respond to patient requests. The global withdrawal of the drug Rofecoxib from the market in 2004 illustrates this point. Rofecoxib was no more effective than alternative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in treating the symptoms of arthritis but it was widely promoted as safer and accepted by the public as such. Although there were studies that it brought the side effect of increased heart disease risks, the drug made it big in the market, with 80 million prescriptions worldwide3.   The market success of the drug is a testament to the triumph of marketing over science.   Only after the US Food and Drug Administration reported 35,000 cases of cardiac arrests and a congressional investigation was consequently held that the drug was pulled out.   The incident highlighted the need to ensure that health professionals are adequately prepared to evaluate promotional claims, and to assess and understand interactions with the pharmaceutical industry2. 3. Discussion Educators in many countries are clearly aware of the influence of pharmaceutical promotion on the health professions and wish to prepare students for this aspect of their professional lives. As a physician educator from India said, â€Å"†¦Whatever rational things we want to inculcate in them, that should be done in the student period itself. Once they taste big money then habits develop and later die hard9.†Ã‚   This is precisely the habit the code of ethics for UK pharmacists seeks to discourage. On pharmacy education, the literature agrees that there is no consistent, well-designed and deliberate approach to teaching students ethics during clerkship. Moreover, it has been observed that factors such as life experiences and normal maturation are likely to contribute to the students’ ethical development.   Acknowledging these limitations, the code simply seeks to determine if there were noticeable changes in the ethical decisions made by students at different points in their education. Since it was seen that classroom and clerkship experiences do not impact on the ethical decisions made by pharmacy students, the code encourages pharmacy schools to attend to this problem.   On top of the proposed agenda is a revision of the curriculum such that it can provide a deliberate and consistent ethical component to the clerkship experience5. A review of ethics literature in medicine and pharmacy found that pharmacy schools lag considerably behind medical schools in the integration of ethics into the curriculum1.   Additionally, medical schools were found to use a more patient-oriented approach to teaching ethics.   It is believed that a patient-oriented, clerkship-based approach could enhance ethics education and is worthy of further study.   The Society is thus currently making efforts to more effectively design and study alternative approaches to ethics education during clerkship, and throughout the pharmacy curriculum8. 4. Commentary The finding that pharmacy students do not learn ethical behavior from their classroom and clerkship experience in UK casts doubt on full compliance with the code of ethics for this type of healthcare professionals. The above studies conclude that students have a less defined professional ethical system, which may be due to a lack of pharmacy practice experience. They recommend that further studies be done to document the ethical growth and development of pharmacy students. Other authors have suggested that future studies longitudinally evaluate the influence of pharmaceutical education and training on the moral development and ethical behavior of students. Furthermore, it has also been suggested that ethics education should include both theoretical and practical components.   If the code of ethics has to influence the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians, concerned authorities must take these suggestions to heart.   Otherwise, the code will only be good on paper.

Edward Teller and the Hydrogen Bomb

Edward Teller and the Hydrogen Bomb What we should have learned is that the world is small, that peace is important and that cooperation in science... could contribute to peace. Nuclear weapons, in a peaceful world, will have a limited importance. -Edward Teller in CNN interview Significance of Edward Teller Theoretical physicist Edward Teller is  often referred to as the Father of the H-Bomb. He was part of a group of scientists who invented the atomic bomb as part of the  U.S. government-led  Manhattan Project. He was also the co-founder of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, where together with Ernest Lawrence, Luis Alvarez, and others, he invented the hydrogen bomb in 1951. Teller spent most of the 1960s working to  keep the United States ahead of the Soviet Union in the nuclear arms race. Tellers Education and Contributions Teller was born in Budapest, Hungary in 1908. He earned a degree in chemical engineering at the Institute of Technology in Karlsruhe, Germany and received his Ph.D. in physical chemistry at the University of Leipzig. His doctoral thesis was on the hydrogen molecular ion, the foundation for the theory of molecular orbitals that remains  accepted to this day. Although his early training was in chemical physics and spectroscopy, Teller also made substantial contributions to diverse fields such as nuclear physics, plasma physics, astrophysics, and statistical mechanics. The Atomic Bomb It was Edward Teller who drove Leo Szilard and Eugene Wigner to meet with Albert Einstein, who together would write a letter to President Roosevelt urging him to pursue atomic weapons research before the Nazis did. Teller worked on the Manhattan Project at the Los Alamos National Laboratory and later became the labs assistant director. This led to the invention of the atomic bomb in 1945. The Hydrogen Bomb In 1951, while still at Los Alamos, Teller came up with  the idea for a thermonuclear weapon. Teller was more determined than ever to push for its development after the Soviet Union exploded an atomic bomb in 1949. This was a major reason why he was determined to lead the successful development and testing of the first hydrogen bomb. In 1952, Ernest Lawrence and Teller opened the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, where he was the associate director from 1954 to 1958 and 1960 to 1965. He was its director from 1958 to 1960. For the next 50  years, Teller did his research at the Livermore National Laboratory, and between 1956 and 1960 he proposed and developed thermonuclear warheads small and light enough to be carried on submarine-launched ballistic missiles. Awards Teller published more than a dozen books on subjects ranging from energy policy to defense issues and was awarded 23 honorary degrees. He received numerous awards for his contributions to physics and public life. Two months before his death in 2003, Edward Teller was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom- the nations highest civil honor- during a special ceremony conducted by President George W. Bush at the White House.

Free Essays on Cultural Relativism

Bennett 1 There are an enormous amount of people in this world that we live in. All of these people belong to different cultures and societies. Each society has traits and customs that make it different from any other. Every society has their own way of looking at and dealing with certain situations. â€Å"Different societies have different moral codes† (Rachels 618). This claim is known as Cultural Relativism. â€Å"Cultural Relativism, as it has been called, challenges our ordinary belief in the objectivity and universality of moral truth. There is no such thing as universal truth in ethics: there there are only the various cultural codes, and nothing more. Moreover, our own code has no special status, it is merely one among many† (Rachels 618). It is clear that the answer to the question of ethics is, Cultural Relativism. The subject of murder is probably the most common issue thought to be an absolute wrong. This is not always the case; murder has its place in many cultures. Eskimo customs are very different from our own. â€Å"The Eskimos practice infanticide as well as the killing of elders. So there seemed to be, in this society, remarkably little respect for life† (Rachels 617). We view these customs as inferior to ours. But when you look at it, this practice is necessary for the survival of the of the group. The elders are too old to contribute to the group but yet they consume precious food. The males within the Eskimo groups are looked higher upon because they are the hunters and food providers. The killing of female infants helps keep the ratio of males and females even. So many males die when there out hunting. If they didn’t kill the female babies then the females would dominate the group and they would never have food. Infanticide and killing of elders does not mea n that Eskimos have less compassion for their children, nor less respect for human life, they just know that murder is sometimes needed to... Free Essays on Cultural Relativism Free Essays on Cultural Relativism Bennett 1 There are an enormous amount of people in this world that we live in. All of these people belong to different cultures and societies. Each society has traits and customs that make it different from any other. Every society has their own way of looking at and dealing with certain situations. â€Å"Different societies have different moral codes† (Rachels 618). This claim is known as Cultural Relativism. â€Å"Cultural Relativism, as it has been called, challenges our ordinary belief in the objectivity and universality of moral truth. There is no such thing as universal truth in ethics: there there are only the various cultural codes, and nothing more. Moreover, our own code has no special status, it is merely one among many† (Rachels 618). It is clear that the answer to the question of ethics is, Cultural Relativism. The subject of murder is probably the most common issue thought to be an absolute wrong. This is not always the case; murder has its place in many cultures. Eskimo customs are very different from our own. â€Å"The Eskimos practice infanticide as well as the killing of elders. So there seemed to be, in this society, remarkably little respect for life† (Rachels 617). We view these customs as inferior to ours. But when you look at it, this practice is necessary for the survival of the of the group. The elders are too old to contribute to the group but yet they consume precious food. The males within the Eskimo groups are looked higher upon because they are the hunters and food providers. The killing of female infants helps keep the ratio of males and females even. So many males die when there out hunting. If they didn’t kill the female babies then the females would dominate the group and they would never have food. Infanticide and killing of elders does not mea n that Eskimos have less compassion for their children, nor less respect for human life, they just know that murder is sometimes needed to...

STRATEGY, ETHICS, AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Coursework

STRATEGY, ETHICS, AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY - Coursework Example Besides factual issues, there are conceptual issues for instance the aspect of competition that posed a threat to Peerless Company. There was a need to improve on products as well as come up with strategies that will seek to earn the company a competitive advantage. The management structure is also an issue as people are elected on the basis of friendship rather than on qualifications. This will eventually affect the company as it will discourage investors from putting their investments in Peerless because of the company’s instability. There are some ethical in this case where Ludwig is a dilemma on whether to close down Peerless Company to save the town reputation or make attempts to restore the company. Closing down Peerless will render many jobless as most of them depend on the company for their livelihood. Ludwig knows that closing the Peerless Company may impress certain individual at the expense of people’s jobs and this may lead to increase in crime cases and other vices. The main stakeholders are the customers, the directors as well as the employees of the company. Suppliers of the raw materials are also stakeholders as their actions directly affect the operations of the company. Peerless should realize that their decisions directly affect the lives of the people in their surroundings. For instance closing down Peerless will render the town poor and its citizens jobless. Ludwig and his team need to understand that they have an obligation to ensure that they improve the lives of Blair’s citizens. They should understand the needs of people and make decisions that benefit their town. The management should also be enhanced to ensure that only people who are employed are suitable for jobs and that quality is maintained by all means. Peerless should also communicate to its key stakeholders on changes that are likely to take place and on decisions on the way forward. Baxteris right to some extend by saying that it would be selfish for Ludwig

Sales Force Decision Sequence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sales Force Decision Sequence - Essay Example The sales force decision making starts at the level 1 which are taken by the top management whereas the level 2 & 3 are taken at the mid level and bottom level. The ‘corporate strategy’ and ‘go to market strategy’ are taken at the level 1 by the top management. These level 1 decisions are not under the control of the sales force whereas the level 2 & 3 are controlled by the actual sales force. The level 2 and 3 decisions will be taken by the sales force as per the needs of the level 1 decision. Customer retention and attraction process, size and structure and product & market resource development decisions are taken at the level 2 whereas compensation, hiring, training, sales manager, productivity enhancement decision taken at the level 3’ (Zoltners) Each level of decision making is interconnected with each other. The actual implementation part of the strategies made at level 1 is taking place level 2 and 3. At level 1, the top management will take the decisions about which markets needed to be exploited and when the product needed to be introduced into the market etc. At level 2, the decision would be more realistic and it will be based on the production capacity of the organization and the actual size and structure of the market. Customers are of two types; existing and new. The existing customers needed to be retained whereas new customers needed to be attracted in order to market a product successfully. At level 2 such strategies will be formulated. Level 3 decisions are the last level of decisions before the product actually introduced into the market. At this level the actual sales force required for the implementation of the sales strategies formulated at level 1 and 2, would be appointed. Sales managers, Executives Representatives, Assistants etc all hired and trained at level 3.

Issues Regarding Ranking of People Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Issues Regarding Ranking of People - Term Paper Example hoot-out, Zimmerman was arrested by the police; the police arrived at the scene about two minutes after the shooting, in response to a distress call made by Zimmerman (Bell et al. 89). After his arrest, Zimmerman was put under police custody, treated for the head injuries that he claimed were inflicted on him by Trayvon, and was later questioned for five hours, regarding the events leading to the shooting. However, after a few hours, Zimmerman was released, and the police chief in charge of the case gave a variety of reasons for the release, including that he had acted in self-defense (Bell et al. 88-89). The police chief also maintained that the â€Å"stand your ground statute† did not allow the police to arrest Zimmerman for the controversial murder of the teenager, irrespective of the victim’s civil rights as well as the human rights of all Americans (Hancock 1). This paper will explore the event of Trayvon’s killing, with the aim of showing how the event led to an inequitable society, the resolution of the event and its effects. Despite the fact that Zimmerman, a Hispanic had shot Trayvon, an African-American dead, and despite the fact that the case was evidently an extreme one, Zimmerman was relelased after a few hours. The social stratification between the African-Americans and Americans of American descent demonstrated the social construction of social stratification for the different classes, and the case ended with an inadequacy of the attention warranted by the murder of Trayvon (Day-Vines et al. 401). The lack of equitability in society was evidenced by the responses offered to the murder, including that little attention paid to the fact that the police had ordered Zimmerman to stop pursuing Trayvon, yet he went ahead to shoot him dead. Secondly, there was the issue that, despite the fact that Zimmerman did not have any credible reasons to suspect that Trayvon was planning or in the process of committing a crime, the investigating officers paid

The Purpose of Initial Assessment and What Kind of Methods Could Be Used Essay Example for Free

The Purpose of Initial Assessment and What Kind of Methods Could Be Used Essay The purpose of an initial assessment is to firstly, make sure that a learner can enter the programme of study at a level that is appropriate to them. Secondly, these assessments also allow the learner to be able to plan their individual achievable learning goals. These initial assessments will become the framework of learners ILP’s (individual Learning Plans). They will also ensure that the learner provider and tutor can identify the gaps in learning sooner rather than later. It should go without saying that providers want the best for learners, it’s just as important that learners should know right from the start that they are entitled to the best for themselves†. (readingroom ,online) This demonstrates the importance of the initial assessment and its results have on an individual learner’s development. Initial Assessment are what they are, they are just the beginning and become a tailor made plan which then becomes a vital part of the teaching and learning for the learner and provider alike. â€Å"Assessment helps to set clear expectations for standards and achievement. CFBT, 2011,p10 . ) Initial assessment therefore ensures that there can be progression as it also allows learners themselves to see and develop on strengths and weaknesses from the outset. One can also suggest that these initial assessments are a motivational tool too, so that not only can the provider plan for the end goal but also that a learner can readily see that the results from initial assessments are used to determine achievable goals thus seeing that the overall course outcomes are achievable. There are several methods in which initial assessments can be ascertained. An initial interview gives a basic knowledge and is seen as a good indicator about the suitability of the learner, for example, what they have achieved in the past, what they want to achieve but as these are sometimes done prior to qualification results, this would not always produce a true reflection of a learner’s ability. Therefore a programme of induction following the interview and acceptance would ensure the learner can be fully assessed and ascertain not only the level they are working to but also any help that is required is in place from the beginning. Skills based testing is a common initial assessment tool. Learners take online or written assessments and the results ascertain their levels they are currently working on, furthermore specific diagnostic test homes in on the gaps in their skills. This method is effective and can give providers and tutors a general scale of ability, however one can argue that the results can also be misleading , for example if a learner has rushed or guessed part the assessment then the results would not be true reflection of the learners ability. BKSB is one of these online skills providers, used by many colleges. BKSB cover learner’s initial skills testing in literacy, numeracy and ICT, as well as diagnostic. However it can be argued that whilst convenient, for example, instant results and no marking by tutors and also identifies the specific subject knowledge and gaps , it can miss special needs problems such as dyslexia. Another initial assessment undertaken may include looking at a learner preferred learning style – commonly known as VAK , visual,( seeing and reading), auditory ( listening and speaking and kinaesthetic ( Touching and doing) . These are basically different ways of learning and be achieved through completion of questionnaires. This assessment is vital and is an integral part in the learner and tutors planning. Ensuring that your learners preferred style is embedded in the lesson plan (differentiation) can ensure that the learner’s motivation is continued. There are no right and wrong answers but in some cases there is not always a clear result, many learners may have a mix. However this could be seen as a positive when teaching a larger group as you can embed all three learning styles ensuring that a larger number will participate therefore keeping learners motivated and achieving goals and also progressing. Arguably you could suggest that the most important part of initial assessment is giving feed back to the learner of the results. This as we have said previously allows the learner to set themselves achievable goals. They have possibly already learnt things about themselves that they didn’t know. For example what their preferred style is. The advantage of this feedback session is that both learner and tutor have set clear manageable targets and goals. This is turn can be seen as a motivational tool for the learner as they have been part of the process and know what is expected from them. This also instils the motivation for the teacher to make sure that the learner can achieve their goals Regular reviews, target setting and referring to the initial assessments target setting is vital in ensuring a learner remains motivated, Learners will achieve if they can see themselves progressing. Smart targets therefore are an achievable and motivational tool as it will ensure that targets are met in an expected time frame. According to Reid (2007 pg. 14) motivation should be intrinsic, which means that a learner should be self-motivated. If the initial assessments have been managed effectively then they become the perfect platform for the Reid’s ideas, as the assessments are set up to insure that a learner as contributed to the target setting. Reid also states that ‘a car will not run without fuel, therefore a child won’t learn without motivation. (Reid 2007 pg. 4). Although aimed at younger children the ethos is the same in that even older learners need to be fed relevant facts in order to progress and reach goals. One could also suggest though that the older the learner is the harder it is to motivate as in some circumstances a lower self-esteem is more evident than in younger children, for example those leaners within foundation learning projects for example. If one uses foundation learning as an example, then motivating them becomes a juggling act as you have to employ strategies that would work over a mixed ability group. Characteristics of a group also play an important part of motivation. One main point is setting out a clear aim and objective of a day’s lessons. Learners then have an expectation of what is expected from them. Tutors must ensure there is a mix of learning skills. For example, the shyer, less confident learners might not want to join in with the speaking and listening task but then if you link it up with a task the quieter ones can excel at then you can continue to keep motivation going whilst also covering more challenging areas. This also is ensuring that you are achieving their goals but also their learning style patterns as stated in the leaners initial assessments. Feedback is vital and is especially important when reaching the end of a session or a unit of work and must include the completion of any smart targets reached, and then new ones to be set with the leaner thus detailing progress and keep motivation going. To ensure learners are kept motivated and achieving their goals, then there are of course many other strategies and theories. However the vital point remains that with the initial assessments and subsequent ILR’s, regular reviews with providers or tutors learners will hopefully continue to motivate themselves by seeing that they have achieved goals set, furthermore with every new set of new goals learners can see the on-going progression and therefore motivation to succeed continues.